Social Sciences in China (Chinese Edition)

No. 12, 2024

On the Era of the Five Emperors

(Abstract)

Han Jianye

The “Era of the Five Emperors” refers to the protohistoric period of ancient China preceding the Xia dynasty, as recorded in ancient historical legends. Archaeological evidence surrounding key events such as “Yu’s conquest of the San-miao,” the “Deportation of Danzhu by Hou-ji,” and the “Battle of Zhuolu” suggests that this era has a basis in historical reality. Spanning from approximately 4,700 to 4,100 years ago, it can be divided into three phases: beginning with Xuanyuan Huangdi, Chiyou, and the last Yandi; continuing through the period of Zhuanxu; and culminating with emperors Ku, Yao, Shun, Ji, Danzhu, and Yu. Archaeological discoveries indicate that during this era, Chinese Civilization had moved beyond its origins and formative stages, entering a phase of early development. By this time, a nascent cross-regional monarchy likely emerged, with its influence encompassing much of the Yellow River basin. Subsequently, with the event of “Yu’s conquest of the San-miao” as a turning point, the Yangtze River basin was also incorporated into the realm. It was upon this foundation that the early “great unity” structure of the Xia dynasty was established.